![]() ![]() The Old Testament book that bears her name recounts the appeal she made to the Persian king Ahasuerus in order to save the Jews from an impending massacre. The Jewish queen Esther is renowned for acting as an intercessor on behalf of the Jewish people. The art of ancient Greece and Rome as well as that of the Byzantine Empire influenced developments in southern Europe, resulting in the use of volumetric figures and stylized forms.Ī standing Virgin Mary carrying the infant Jesus adorns the first initial of the Book of Esther in this Italian Bible. In the north, the style of manuscript illumination that emerged around 1200 was distinguished by naturalism tempered, by the end of the period, with courtly refinement. The increase of trade and the growth of cities throughout Europe during the Gothic period meant that both patrons and artists traveled more frequently, bringing with them artwork and styles that encouraged artistic discourse across regions. Why is there a greenish tinge to the figures' skin? Initial I: Virgin and Child, in the Abbey Bible (text in Latin), Italian, probably Bologna, about 1250–1262 On view during second installation: February 28–May 13, 2012 The "tinted-drawing" technique, in which contours are drawn in brown ink and then accented with colored washes, favors delicate, curving lines that allow for natural poses, animated facial expressions, and softly draping garments. The image's liveliness derives from the way the animals interact, from the horned creature charging a lion at left to the monkey mischievously staring out at the viewer from the page's center. ![]() In this illustration, the creatures receive their names from the biblical figure of Adam, suggesting that they all play a symbolic role in God's universe. It is a major English Gothic example of the book of beasts, a collection of animal descriptions. This image is from the Northumberland Bestiary. This exhibition showcases a range of books, from lavish prayer volumes and Bibles, to illustrated scientific texts and romances. Cities teemed with students, tradesmen, aristocrats, and churchmen, who all clamored for illuminated manuscripts. The Gothic period, stretching from about 1200 to 1350 in Europe, saw the construction of soaring cathedrals and the first universities. What does this menagerie have to do with Christian teaching? Adam Naming the Animals, in the Northumberland Bestiary, English, about 1250–1260
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